自動化多功(gong)能(neng)農村自動供水系統(tong)的設計與實現

      針(zhen)對目前農(nong)村供(gong)水系統的(de)現狀(zhuang)，我們開發了適于農(nong)村應用的(de)農村自動供水系統。已(yi)經成功應用在河(he)北省的一(yi)些農村，受到了廣泛的好評。

1、引言

　　隨著我國國民(min)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)不斷(duan)發展和社(she)會的(de)進(jin)步，農民(min)的(de)生活日漸(jian)富裕，對生活質量(liang)的(de)要求也日漸(jian)提高，而(er)其生活用水質量(liang)問(wen)題遠(yuan)沒有得到解決(jue)。在我國北方平原地區的(de)廣大農村，由水井向自來水過渡曾(ceng)經(jing)(jing)經(jing)(jing)過以下幾個時期:

      一(yi)代是水塔供水方式(shi)，由(you)深井泵將地(di)下水抽(chou)上水塔，由(you)水塔通過管路給各農戶供水。這種方式(shi)存(cun)在供水二次污(wu)染、水塔損毀難于(yu)恢復等缺點。

      二代(dai)是氣(qi)壓(ya)罐供水(shui)方式(shi)，氣(qi)壓(ya)罐供水(shui)也存在(zai)水(shui)的(de)二次污染問題。另外(wai)，因(yin)為農村自來水(shui)管(guan)網大(da)多年(nian)久失修，比較脆弱，如(ru)果全 天(tian)候(hou)給水(shui)，水(shui)壓(ya)不(bu)能自動調節使(shi)其穩定，經(jing)常出(chu)現水(shui)壓(ya)過高管(guan)網迸裂的(de)問題。另外(wai)，氣(qi)壓(ya)罐給水(shui)方式(shi)，水(shui)泵在(zai)開啟時對電網沖擊大(da)、運(yun)行過程中(zhong)電能的(de)浪費嚴重。氣(qi)壓(ya)罐給水(shui)還經(jing)常出(chu)現壓(ya)力開關失靈，造(zao)成(cheng)氣(qi)壓(ya)罐壓(ya)力驟增，水(shui)泵不(bu)能正(zheng)常停(ting)止，以致出(chu)現危險。

      因(yin)此，北方(fang)平原農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)基(ji)本上采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)時供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)缸或(huo)自打水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)坑儲 水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)來滿足生活用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)需要，嚴重影響(xiang)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質量。還(huan)有一個問題就是地勢高的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)因(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)不(bu)夠，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管不(bu)能出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，就用(yong)(yong)(yong)管道(dao)泵(beng)接到自來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管網上來抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，這樣又(you)使其(qi)他農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)不(bu)夠，形成惡性(xing)循環。所(suo)以吃(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)問題仍是困擾農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民生活的(de)(de)一大難題。現(xian)在(zai)城市普遍(bian)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)變頻(pin)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統(tong)，適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于高層集(ji)中供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，沒有被廣大農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)所(suo)接受，是因(yin) 為農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)特點是揚程(cheng)低、面積大、管網薄(bo)弱、電壓(ya)不(bu)穩定(ding)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)電工限(xian)于技術等(deng)條(tiao)件，難于查找系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)常見故障(zhang)原因(yin)等(deng)而仃機。基(ji)于上述情況(kuang)，針對目(mu)前(qian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)現(xian)狀(zhuang)，我們開發(fa)了適(shi)于農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)自動供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統(tong)。已經成功應用(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)河北省(sheng)的(de)(de)一些農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)，受到了廣泛的(de)(de)好評。

2、農(nong)村自(zi)動供水系統簡介

　　本農村(cun)自(zi)動(dong)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是由人機(ji)界面交(jiao)互系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、恒壓(ya)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)閉環(huan)控制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)四部分(fen)構(gou)成。人機(ji)界面交(jiao)互系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)主要由型(xing)號為(wei)富(fu)士ug220h-lc4 5.7寸單(dan)色(se)屏組成。ug220h-lc4功能強、價格便(bian)宜，具有(you)三個通(tong)訊口及(ji)(ji)一個打印機(ji)口，可同(tong)時(shi)連接(jie)PLC并內(nei)置(zhi)萬年歷，可隨時(shi)調整(zheng)時(shi)鐘，便(bian)于調整(zheng)循 環(huan)啟(qi)動(dong)時(shi)間;可根據圖中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)電(dian)氣元件做相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)畫(hua)圖形，反(fan)映變頻器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)啟(qi)/停(ting)、接(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸合/斷開及(ji)(ji)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行/停(ting)止等; 還可顯示(shi)變頻器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)頻率、電(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)流(liu)等參(can)數，反(fan)映管網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設定壓(ya)力(li)及(ji)(ji)實際壓(ya)力(li)。使用(yong)中(zhong)，編制(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)說明書，對(dui)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)各(ge)部件的(de)(de)(de)(de)注意事項及(ji)(ji)維(wei)(wei)護等做相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)介紹; 可通(tong)過(guo)動(dong)畫(hua)及(ji)(ji)文字等顯示(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)故障報警以及(ji)(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)處(chu)理(li)方(fang)式(shi)，便(bian)于農村(cun)電(dian)工的(de)(de)(de)(de)學習和(he)簡單(dan)維(wei)(wei)護。同(tong)時(shi)，可以通(tong)過(guo)在系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)上留言(yan)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)交(jiao)接(jie)班記錄;自(zi)動(dong)繪制(zhi)日水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)變 化(hua)曲線(xian)進行需水(shui)(shui)(shui)量日周期分(fen)析。由hmi時(shi)鐘自(zi)動(dong)描繪管網(wang)24h內(nei)壓(ya)力(li)變化(hua)曲線(xian)，既方(fang)便(bian)調試又方(fang)便(bian)設置(zhi)，便(bian)于及(ji)(ji)時(shi)調整(zheng)和(he)監控水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)變化(hua)，為(wei)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改進收(shou)集資料。

　　農村自(zi)動供水(shui)系統(tong)主要由泵(beng)組、閥門、儀(yi)表、供水管網等組成，作為整個供水系統(tong)的基礎設施(shi)系統(tong)。變(bian)頻器(qi)恒壓供水系統(tong)如(ru)附圖所(suo)示。

　　水(shui)處理系(xi)統由(you)靜電(dian)離子(zi)和臭氧 水(shui)處理器組成，安裝(zhuang)在供水(shui)管網(wang)中(zhong)，可以減少農村飲用水(shui)中(zhong)的(de)重金屬離子(zi)，并具有 除藻和緩蝕的(de)功能，保障飲用水(shui)的(de)衛生。

　　整(zheng)個供水(shui)(shui)系統的(de)(de)核心是(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)閉環控(kong)制系統，主要是(shi)(shi)由變(bian)頻(pin)調速器(vvvf)、人機(ji)界面(hmi)、數字(zi)(zi)pid調節(jie)器及主電路組成。其(qi)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)原(yuan)理是(shi)(shi)根據管網用水(shui)(shui) 量的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)，調節(jie)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)電機(ji)的(de)(de)電源頻(pin)率和電壓(ya)，控(kong)制水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)的(de)(de)轉速,從(cong)而實現調節(jie)供水(shui)(shui)量及節(jie)能(neng)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。其(qi)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)是(shi)(shi)在水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)出口(kou)干管上設壓(ya)力(li)傳感(gan)器(yb)，實時采集管網壓(ya)力(li)信號(hao)，變(bian)頻(pin)器內部將其(qi)轉換(huan)成模擬信號(hao)，經過(guo)放大與轉換(huan)，轉換(huan)成數字(zi)(zi)信號(hao)，進入處理器。通過(guo)運算與設定水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)值比較，得出偏差(cha)量，經過(guo)pid運算、 d/a轉換(huan)把這一參(can)數送給變(bian)頻(pin)器,控(kong)制電機(ji)電源頻(pin)率變(bian)化(hua)(hua)，調節(jie)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)的(de)(de)轉速，從(cong)而達到(dao)恒壓(ya)變(bian)量供水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。

3、農村自動供水系統設(she)計

　　現以(yi)(yi)(yi)某(mou)村(cun)的(de)實際狀態來(lai)說明(ming)(該村(cun)有3126口人，618戶)。因農(nong)村(cun)除滿(man)足生(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)外(wai)，還須澆菜園(農(nong)戶庭院菜園)，但只(zhi)在春、夏(xia)(xia)兩季(ji)澆園。故農(nong)村(cun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)季(ji) 節性較強(qiang)，夏(xia)(xia)季(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)達(da)到高峰，冬(dong)季(ji)僅滿(man)足生(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，洗澡較少，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)冬(dong)季(ji)是用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)低(di)谷，年用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)負荷變(bian)化較大。在工(gong)程設計時(shi)，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)了有二臺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)，冬(dong)季(ji)一(yi)臺潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)可滿(man)足需(xu)要;夏(xia)(xia)季(ji)則需(xu)要兩臺潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)同時(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)(一(yi)臺工(gong)頻、一(yi)臺變(bian)頻工(gong)作(zuo))。選用(yong)(yong)(yong)200qj50-65型潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)，流(liu)量(liang)50m3/h,揚程65m，電(dian)機功率(lv) 13kw。由(you)于潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)電(dian)機的(de)額定電(dian)流(liu)比普通(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)機偏大，而(er)且潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)電(dian)機運行(xing)(xing)一(yi)段時(shi)間后通(tong)(tong)(tong)常啟動較困難，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)配套18.5kw變(bian)頻器。為(wei)(wei)此(ci)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)富士(shi)電(dian)機 frn18.5g11s-4cx變(bian)頻器，它具(ju)有pid功能，可實現閉環恒壓控制，適宜應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系統(tong)。另外(wai)還具(ju)有串行(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)功能，自帶(dai)rs-485通(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)功 能，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)與(yu)上(shang)位機及hmi進(jin)行(xing)(xing)直接通(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun);它的(de)端子(zi)具(ju)有自由(you)設定功能，可將(jiang)x1-x8中8個輸入端子(zi)和y1-y4中4個輸出端子(zi)設定為(wei)(wei)自由(you)定義口,在硬件上(shang) 解決了hmi無(wu)(wu)i/o端子(zi)問題。hmi選用(yong)(yong)(yong)富士(shi)的(de)ug220h-lc4 5.7寸單色(se)，本(ben)系統(tong)充分(fen)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)人機界面hmi與(yu)變(bian)頻器通(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)的(de)特點(dian)，無(wu)(wu)須plc及專用(yong)(yong)(yong)設備。通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)對(dui)hmi的(de)設置可實現定時(shi)自動供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)減(jian)少水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)浪費(fei)。傳(chuan)感器選 用(yong)(yong)(yong)xtz-150型0~1.0mpa的(de)遠傳(chuan)壓力表。此(ci)種壓力表既(ji)有顯(xian)示(shi)壓力功能，同時(shi)也(ye)可將(jiang)壓力變(bian)化變(bian)成(cheng)相應的(de)電(dian)阻變(bian)化，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)壓力反饋，且價格低(di)廉、可靠(kao)耐用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

　　該農村自動供水系統共(gong)有(you)兩種工(gong)作(zuo)方式:手(shou)動(dong)方式、自動(dong)方式。系(xi)(xi)統(tong)工(gong)作(zuo)在手(shou)動(dong)方式時，水(shui)泵的定時切除(chu)由時間繼(ji)電器執行(xing)。此種工(gong)作(zuo)方式主要用于檢修，亦可(ke)用于系(xi)(xi)統(tong)故障時，保證供水(shui)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的連續性和(he)可(ke)靠性。

　　農(nong)村(cun)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)供水(shui)系統工作在自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)工作方式時，根據(ju)農(nong)村(cun)地況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求來設定(ding)壓(ya)力(li)。在恒定(ding)壓(ya)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，隨(sui)著供水(shui)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)調節水(shui)泵(beng)電機轉(zhuan)速，實現恒壓(ya)變流(liu)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)節能供水(shui)，兩臺水(shui)泵(beng)遞次循(xun)環軟起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，從而無水(shui)壓(ya)波動(dong)(dong)(dong)和頻繁啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)對電網的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊(ji)，也防止了對管網的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊(ji)和某(mou)臺水(shui)泵(beng)長期不用而導致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銹死，延長了設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)壽命。

　　該農(nong)村自動供(gong)水(shui)系統具(ju)有過載(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、短路保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、過電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、缺相保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、欠壓(ya)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、過熱(re)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、過電(dian)(dian)流保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)以(yi)及過電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、過載(zai)、欠電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)瞬間斷電(dian)(dian)再啟動功能，并具(ju)有完備(bei)的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)記(ji)錄供(gong)查閱。當變頻(pin)器發(fa)(fa)生故(gu)障(zhang)時(shi)能立即發(fa)(fa)出聲光報(bao)警并輸出信(xin)號給控(kong)制器，實現保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，防止故(gu)障(zhang)擴大，并在hmi界面上通過動畫和(he)(he)文字(zi)顯示故(gu)障(zhang)報(bao)警和(he)(he)相應(ying)的(de)處理方法。特(te)別適(shi)合于農(nong)村電(dian)(dian)工及時(shi)、正確的(de)排除故(gu)障(zhang)。

4、結束(shu)語(yu)

　　本農村自動(dong)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)系統適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于平(ping)原地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)大農村，它(ta)具(ju)有(you)(you)以(yi)下優點(dian):避免了高位水(shui)(shui)(shui)箱(xiang)儲水(shui)(shui)(shui)環節(jie)和高壓罐給水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)弊端(duan)，避免了水(shui)(shui)(shui)質的(de)(de)(de)二次污染，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)了靜電、臭氧處理，使水(shui)(shui)(shui)質穩定，保(bao)證了居(ju)民用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)安，，，全(quan)。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)調速(su)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式，水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)隨著管(guan)網流量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化而變(bian)化，因為(wei)軸功率與轉(zhuan)速(su)的(de)(de)(de)三次方(fang)(fang)(fang)成正比，所(suo)以(yi)與氣(qi)壓罐給水(shui)(shui)(shui)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)恒速(su)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)運(yun)(yun) 行方(fang)(fang)(fang)式相(xiang)比，明顯地(di)節(jie)省(sheng)電能，根據(ju)計算(suan)和實測，由(you)于采(cai)用(yong)(yong)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器而增加的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)在(zai)運(yun)(yun)行后一年至一年半即可收回。該(gai)系統的(de)(de)(de)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)組(zu)及(ji)控制系統集中設在(zai)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)房，占地(di)面(mian)(mian)積小、安裝快、投(tou)資(zi)省(sheng)，適(shi)應(ying)了農村資(zi)金(jin)不足的(de)(de)(de)情況;全(quan)自動(dong)運(yun)(yun)行、無(wu)人值守、可靠(kao)性高;由(you)于實現了人機界(jie)面(mian)(mian)交互(hu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式，適(shi)于農村人員維護(hu)和檢(jian)修;變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)調速(su)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)(de) 啟(qi)動(dong)為(wei)軟啟(qi)動(dong)，減少了對水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)及(ji)管(guan)網的(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)擊，適(shi)應(ying)農村管(guan)網的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian);多臺(tai)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)組(zu)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)先(xian)投(tou)入，先(xian)退出的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行方(fang)(fang)(fang)式，確保(bao)每臺(tai)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行時(shi)間相(xiang)同(tong)，能夠(gou)有(you)(you)效延長泵(beng)(beng)(beng)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽命。

　　該農(nong)村自動(dong)供(gong)水(shui)系(xi)統工程造價為5萬(wan)元，以河北省(sheng)為例，河北省(sheng)有(you)120個縣，以每(mei)個縣平均有(you)150個自然(ran)村計算，則僅(jin)河北省(sheng)農(nong)村供(gong)水(shui)就有(you)7億2千萬(wan)元的(de)潛(qian)在(zai)市場。實(shi)踐證明本系(xi)統運(yun)行穩定可靠(kao)，實(shi)現了真(zhen)正意義上無人(ren)值守(shou)，使農(nong)民能像城里(li)人(ren)一樣使用上真(zhen)正的(de)自來(lai)水(shui)，節能也達到(dao)了預期的(de)設(she)計目的(de)。希望隨著(zhu)新技術在(zai)廣大農(nong)村的(de)應(ying)用，能確實(shi)提高農(nong)民的(de)生活(huo)水(shui)平，為老百姓多做一些(xie)實(shi)事。